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It is the most populated city in Tuscany, withinhabitants inand over 1, in its metropolitan area. Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and windows server 2012 essentials setup free and monuments. Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion[12] and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; [14] furthermore, it is a major national economic centre, [12] as well as a tourist and industrial hub.
Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval communeit was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. It was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the смотрите подробнее to 16th centuries.
The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language. Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans DantePetrarch and Boccacciothe Florentine dialect, above all the local dialects, was adopted as the basis for a national literary language.
Starting from здесь late Middle AgesFlorentine money—in the form of the gold florin —financed the development of industry all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon and Hungary.
Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War. They similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome.
Florence was home to the Medici, one of European history's most important noble families. Lorenzo de' Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century.
Situated along the Via Cassiathe book and magazine collector website free route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the Arnothe settlement quickly became an windows 10 home vs pro price free commercial centre. In centuries to come, the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule, during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantineswhich may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1, people.
Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century. Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in and became part of the Duchy of Tuscanywith Lucca book and magazine collector website free capital. The population began to grow again and commerce prospered. InFlorence and Fiesole were united in one county. The Golden Age of Book and magazine collector website free art began around this time. Inconstruction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte. The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between and InFlorence was a " commune ", meaning a city-state.
The city's primary resource was the Arno riverproviding power and access for the industry mainly textile industryand access to the Mediterranean book and magazine collector website free for international trade.
Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community. The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation e.
This book and magazine collector website free also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival Pisa defeated by Genoa in and subjugated by Florence inand the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement, led by Giano della Bella, that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice At the height of demographic expansion aroundthe urban population may have been as great as , and the rural population around the city was probably close toAfter their suppression, Florence came under the sway — of the Albizzi /32883.txt, who became bitter rivals of the Medici.
In the 15th century, Florence was among the largest cities in Europe, with a population of 60, and was considered rich and economically successful. Although the convert microsoft office powerpoint 2003 free was technically a democracy of sorts, his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants, the gente nuova new people. The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy.
Cosimo was succeeded by book and magazine collector website free son Pierowho was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo in Lorenzo was a great patron of the продолжить, commissioning works by MichelangeloLeonardo da Vinci and Botticelli.
Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence, including Alexander AgricolaJohannes Ghiselinand Heinrich Isaac. By contemporary Florentines and sincehe was known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent" Lorenzo il Magnifico. But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa, he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king.
These made the Florentines rebel, and they expelled Piero II. With his exile inthe first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government. During this period, the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola нажмите сюда become prior of the San Marco monastery in He was famed for his penitential sermons, lambasting what he viewed book and magazine collector website free widespread immorality and attachment to material riches.
He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God, punishing them for their decadence. He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule. But when Savonarola publicly accused Узнать больше Alexander VI of corruption, he was banned from speaking in public. When he broke this ban, he was excommunicated. The Florentines, tired of his teachings, turned against him and arrested him.
He book and magazine collector website free convicted as a heretic, hung and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May His ashes were dispersed in the Arno river.
Machiavelli was a political thinker, renowned for his political handbook The Princewhich is about ruling and exercising power. Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Historiesthe history of the city. Inthe Medici retook control of Florence with book and magazine collector website free help of Spanish and Papal troops.
Both were generous patrons of the arts, commissioning works like Michelangelo 's Laurentian Library and Medici Chapel in Florence, to name just two. The Medici's monarchy would last over two centuries. The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in of Francis Stephenduke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austrialed to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in From to Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria.
The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in Florence replaced Turin as Italy's capital in and, in an effort to book and magazine collector website free the city, the old market in адрес Piazza del Book and magazine collector website free Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses.
The Piazza first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele IIthen Piazza della Repubblicathe present name was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end. This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of источник British and American people living in the city. The country's second capital book and magazine collector website free was superseded by Rome six years later, after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome.
Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July as troops of the British 8th Book and magazine collector website free closed in. However, at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin, at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence, convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value.
Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible, but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design. Shortly before leaving Florence, as they knew that they would soon have to retreat, the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly, in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Book and magazine collector website free.
The first American university for service personnel was established in June at the School of Aeronautics. Some 7, soldier-students were to pass through the university during its four one-month как сообщается здесь see G. American Universities. In Novemberthe Arno flooded parts of the centre, damaging many art treasures. Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting book and magazine collector website free the flood waters reached at their highest point.
The Arno riverthree other minor rivers Mugnone, [32] Ema and Greve and some streams flow through it. Florence has a humid subtropical climate Cfatending to Mediterranean Csa. As Florence lacks a prevailing wind, summer temperatures are higher than along the coast.
Rainfall in summer is convectionalwhile relief rainfall dominates book and magazine collector website free the winter. Snow flurries occur almost every year, [35] but often result in no accumulation.
In the city was home to 50, people. As of 31 October [update]the population of the city proper is , while Eurostat estimates thatpeople live in the urban area of Florence. The Metropolitan Area по этому сообщению Florence, Prato and Adobe acrobat pro 2015 dc freeconstituted in over an book and magazine collector website free of roughly 4, square kilometres 1, sq miis home to 1. Within Florence proper, Minors children aged 18 and less totalled This compares with the Italian average of The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of In the five years between andthe population of Florence grew by 3.
As of [update] An estimated 6, Chinese live in the city. Tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city. Manufacturing and commerce, however, still remain highly important. Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy, where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods, from furniture, rubber goods, chemicals, and food.
Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income. In Nuovo Pignone, numerous factories are still present, and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant. The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the 'Third Italy' in the s, due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile especially the Источник статьи book and magazine collector website free the prosperity and productivity нажмите чтобы увидеть больше the Florentine entrepreneurs.
Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity. In the fourth quarter ofmanufacturing increased by 2.
Leading sectors included mechanical engineering, fashion, pharmaceutics, food and wine. Duringpermanent employment contracts increased by Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence. From April to October, tourists outnumber local population. Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novellaboth of which charge for entry.
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